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Thunderbolt is the brand name of a hardware interface for the connection of external peripherals to a computer. It has been developed by Intel , in collaboration with Apple. Up to six peripherals may be supported by one connector through various topologies. Thunderbolt controllers multiplex one or more individual data lanes from connected PCIe and DisplayPort devices for transmission via two duplex Thunderbolt lanes, then de-multiplex them for use by PCIe and DisplayPort devices on the other end.
A single Mini DisplayPort monitor or other device of any kind may be connected directly or at the very end of the chain. Thunderbolt is interoperable with DP When connected to a DP-compatible device, the Thunderbolt port can provide a native DisplayPort signal with four lanes of output data at no more than 5. Thunderbolt can be implemented on PCIe graphics cards , which have access to DisplayPort data and PCIe connectivity, or on the motherboard of new computers with onboard video , such as the MacBook Air.
The interface was originally intended to run exclusively on an optical physical layer using components and flexible optical fiber cabling developed by Intel partners and at Intel's Silicon Photonics lab.
This copper-based version of the Light Peak concept was co-developed by Apple and Intel. Apple registered Thunderbolt as a trademark , but later transferred the mark to Intel, which held overriding intellectual-property rights. Sumitomo Electric Industries started selling up to metre-long foot optical Thunderbolt cables in Japan in January , [17] and Corning, Inc. At the same demonstration, Intel officials said they expected hardware manufacturing to begin around the end of In September , some early commercial prototypes from manufacturers were demonstrated at Intel Developer Forum Though Thunderbolt was originally conceived as an optical technology, Intel switched to electrical connections to reduce costs and to supply up to 10 watts of power to connected devices.
In , Intel officials said the company was "working on bundling the optical fiber with copper wire so Light Peak can be used to power devices plugged into the PC. In January , Intel's David Perlmutter told Computerworld that initial Thunderbolt implementations would be based on copper wires.
The final Thunderbolt standard specifies 10 W DC on every port. See comparison section below. Intel and industry partners are still developing optical Thunderbolt hardware and cables. Eventually, Intel hopes for a purely optical transceiver assembly embedded in the PC.
The first such optical Thunderbolt cable was introduced by Sumitomo Electric Industries in January However, those cables are retailed almost exclusively in Japan, and the price is 20 to 30 times higher than copper Thunderbolt cables. German company DeLock also released optical Thunderbolt cables in lengths of 10 m 30 ft , 20 m 70 ft , and 30 m ft in , priced similarly to the Sumitomo ones, and retailed only in Germany.
In September , glass company Corning Inc. This lets peripheral Thunderbolt devices be farther from their host device s. Before , there were no optical Thunderbolt 3 cables on the market. However, optical Thunderbolt 1 and 2 cables could be used at the time with Apple 's Thunderbolt 3 USB-C to Thunderbolt 2 adapters on each end of the cable. This achieves connections up to the 60 m ft maximum offered by previous versions of the standard.
In early , copper Thunderbolt 4 cables arrived from many companies at the 0. Released in early , they are also all to be available in three specified lengths: 0. Copper Thunderbolt 4 cables up to 1. Other implementations of the technology began in , with desktop boards offering the interconnection now available.
As the system was described, Intel's solution to the display connection problem became clear: Thunderbolt controllers multiplex data from existing DP systems with data from the PCIe port into a single cable.
Older displays that using DP 1. Apple states that up to six daisy-chained peripherals are supported per Thunderbolt port, [47] and that the display should come at the end of the chain, if it does not support daisy chaining. In May , Apple announced a new line of iMacs that include the Thunderbolt interface. The Thunderbolt port on the new Macs is in the same location relative to other ports and maintains the same physical dimensions and pinout as the prior MDP connector.
The main visible difference on Thunderbolt-equipped Macs is a Thunderbolt symbol next to the port. The Target Display mode on iMacs requires a Thunderbolt cable to accept a video-in signal from another Thunderbolt-capable computer.
Intel announced they would release a developer kit in the second quarter of , [50] while manufacturers of hardware-development equipment have indicated they will add support for the testing and development of Thunderbolt devices. In July , Sony released its Vaio Z21 line of notebook computers that had a "Power Media Dock" that uses optical Thunderbolt Light Peak to connect to an external graphics card using a combination port that behaves like USB electrically, but that also includes the optical interconnect required for Thunderbolt.
At the physical level, the bandwidth of Thunderbolt 1 and Thunderbolt 2 are identical, and Thunderbolt 1 cabling is thus compatible with Thunderbolt 2 interfaces. Intel says Thunderbolt 2 will be able to transfer a 4K video while simultaneously displaying it on a discrete monitor. Thunderbolt 2 incorporates DisplayPort 1.
Thunderbolt 2 is backwards compatible, which means that all Thunderbolt cables and connectors are compatible with Thunderbolt 1. Thunderbolt 3 is a hardware interface developed by Intel. It allows up to 4 lanes of PCI Express 3. Other overheads are possible on PCIe data 1. Intel's Thunderbolt 3 controller codenamed Alpine Ridge, or the new Titan Ridge halves power consumption, and simultaneously drives two external 4K displays at 60 Hz or a single external 4K display at Hz, or a 5K display at 60 Hz when using Apple's implementation for the late MacBook Pros instead of just the single display previous controllers can drive.
The new controller supports PCIe 3. This eliminates the need for a separate power supply from some devices. Thunderbolt 3 allows backwards compatibility with the first two versions by the use of adapters or transitional cables. Intel offers three varieties for each of the controllers: [69]. This follows previous practice, where higher-end devices such as the second-generation Mac Pro, iMac, Retina MacBook Pro, and Mac Mini use two-port controllers; while lower-end, lower-power devices such as the MacBook Air use the one-port version.
Support was added to Intel's Skylake architecture chipsets, shipping during late into early In October , Apple announced the updated MacBook Pro , which features two or four Thunderbolt 3 ports depending on the model. On 8 January , Intel announced a product refresh codenamed Titan Ridge with "enhanced robustness" and support for DisplayPort 1.
That would be But notably, those devices will not be allowed to use Thunderbolt branding. However, Thunderbolt 4 devices use PCIe Mode with added certification labeling, and promoting backwards compatibility. This means multiple rival devices may use different brandings to accomplish the same task.
Thunderbolt 4 was announced at CES [85] and the final specification was released in July On 24 May , Intel announced that Thunderbolt 3 would become a royalty-free standard to OEMs and chip manufacturers in , as part of an effort to boost the adoption of the protocol. Before March , there were no AMD chipsets or computers with Thunderbolt support released or announced due to the certification requirements Intel did not certify non-Intel platforms.
Apple released its first Thunderbolt-equipped computer in early with the MacBook Pro. The first Thunderbolt peripheral devices appeared in retail stores only in late , with the relatively expensive Pegasus R4 4-drive and Pegasus R6 6-drive RAID enclosures by Promise Technology aimed at the prosumer and professional market, initially offering up to 12 TB of storage, later increased to 18 TB.
Sales of these units were hurt by the floods in Thailand who manufacture much of the world's supply of hard-drives resulting in a cut to worldwide hard-drive production and a subsequent driving-up of storage costs, hence the retail price of these Promise units increased in response, contributing to a slower take-up of the devices.
It also took some time for other storage manufacturers to release products: most were smaller devices aimed at the professional market, and focused on speed rather than high capacity. Many storage devices were under 1 TB in size, with some featuring SSDs for faster external-data access rather than standard hard-drives. Other companies have offered interface products that can route multiple older, usually slower, connections through a single Thunderbolt port.
In July , Apple released its Apple Thunderbolt Display , whose gigabit Ethernet and other older connector types made it the first hub of its type. As of late , few other storage devices offering double-digit TB capacity had appeared. Exceptions included Sonnet Technologies' highly priced professional units, and Drobo 's 4- and 5-drive enclosures, the latter featuring their own BeyondRAID proprietary data-handling system.
Backwards compatibility with non-Thunderbolt-equipped computers was a problem, as most storage devices featured only two Thunderbolt ports, for daisy-chaining up to six devices from each one. Later models had the USB 3. LaCie also offering updated designed versions of their 2big mainstream consumer models, up to 12 TB, using new 6 TB hard-drives.
Thunderbolt 3 was introduced in late , with several motherboard manufacturers and OEM laptop manufacturers including Thunderbolt 3 with their products. Gigabyte and MSI , large computer component manufacturers, entered the market for the first time with Thunderbolt 3 compatible components.
Although Thunderbolt has initially had poor hardware support outside of Apple devices, and has been relegated to a niche gadget port, with the adoption of Thunderbolt 3 that uses the USB-C connector standard, meant that a much wider array of hardware was accepting of the market acceptance of the standard, especially when it later became part of USB4 standard.
If users extend the PCI Express bus the most common high-speed expansion bus in systems as of [update] with Thunderbolt, it allows very low-level access to the computer.
An attacker could physically attach a malicious device, which, through its direct and unimpeded access to system memory and other devices, would be able to bypass almost all security measures of the operating system, allowing the attacker to read and write system memory, potentially exposing encryption keys or installing malware.
As of , the major OS vendors had not taken into account the variety of ways in which a malicious device could take advantage of complex interactions between multiple emulated peripherals, exposing subtle bugs and vulnerabilities. A malicious Option ROM can allow malware to execute before an operating system is started. It can then invade the kernel, log keystrokes, or steal encryption keys. Firmware-enforced boot security measures, such as UEFI Secure Boot which specifies the enforcement of signatures or hash allowlists of Option ROMs are designed to mitigate this kind of attack.
In May , the Thunderspy seven major security flaws were discovered in the Thunderbolt protocol, which allow a malicious party to access all data stored in a computer, even if the device is locked, password-protected, and has an encrypted hard drive. These vulnerabilities affect all Thunderbolt 1, 2 and 3 ports.
In June , the first 2 m 6. In January , Apple reduced the price of their 2 m 6. Several other brands have released copper Thunderbolt cables, with some going up to the maximum 3 metres 9. Initially, most devices did not come with an included Thunderbolt cable to keep selling cost lower, hence the mass usage of Apple's cables or third-party cables, especially if a user wanted 3 m 9.
With the introduction of Thunderbolt 3, Intel announced that otherwise-standard passive USB-C cables would be able to connect Thunderbolt devices at lower speeds than full active Thunderbolt cables, but still faster than USB 3. Released from mid, copper versions of Thunderbolt 3 cables were released at lengths up to 2 m 6. However, shorter lengths up to 0. Much later on, from April , optical Thunderbolt 3 cables were finally released see Copper vs.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Computer hardware interface. Not to be confused with Lightning connector.
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